Poli Sci Internet Essay

Deliberative polling, started by James Fishkin, is a process wherein random citizens are invited to deliberate on certain issues before and after education on such issues. After initial polling, these citizens enter into interactions with experts and leaders based on their questions about the issues, and given the same polling questions. The process is recorded and broadcast, in the hopes of reaching viewers to educate them about the issues. Changes in opinion before and after the polling support Fishkin’s stance that citizens are generally uninformed about issues, other than the usual sound-bites. Panel polling describes the act of recruiting panelists—people who specifically reflect opinions of a certain demographic—and polling these panelists on certain issues. The panelist may be compensated for their time or be volunteers. The Internet has changed the face of communication. Forums, which are the Internet’s version of bulletin boards but used for discussions, can bring citizens together to discuss issues. Both deliberative polling and panel polling can be achieved through a forum, where experts and leaders may also visit the site to interact with citizens. E-mail lists may be used for both types of polling, but the e-mail of the participants and their political geographies must be known in order to assess demographics. However, not every citizen uses the Internet, and polling through the Internet may miss large sections of the population. http://cdd. stanford. edu/polls/ – â€Å"Center for Deliberative Democracy† http://www. iht. com/articles/2007/05/27/bloomberg/poll28. php –â€Å"Polling Goes Online, with A Recruited Panel† http://www. mysterypollster. com/main/2005/07/internet_pollin. html — â€Å"Internet Polling: Unfulfilled Promise† 3. Democratic National Party – Leftist/liberal — http://www. democrats. org/ Republican Party—Rightist/conservative — http://www. rnc. org/ Constitution Party—Rightist/conservative — http://www. constitution-party. net/ Green Party—Leftist/liberal — http://www. gp. org/ Libertarian party—Center — http://www. lp. org/ All of these sites have several of the basic choices on the front page: about the party, donation, e-mail lists, get involved, news, key party values, press releases, a blog, and links encouraging citizens to register to vote. The Green, Constitution, and Republican Party, however, lack easy-to-find links so that party members can connect to each other online; the DNP and LP offer links from their front pages to join online groups for those interested in the party. Both the GOP and the DNP do not have information regarding â€Å"becoming a candidate†, while the Green, Constitution, and Libertarian Parties do. Unsurprisingly, because they are the two major parties in the US, both the RP and the DNC offer more material on their websites, such as more details on party organization and leadership. The Libertarian Party has a bit more information than the Green and Constitution Parties. From my perusal of the websites, the Constitution Party’s is the least interactive. There are many informative links, but the only link in which a member might be connected to another member is through the â€Å"Events† link. The Green Party website is similar. The Libertarian Party has a web page devoted to social networks such as Meetup or LinkedIn, the DNP offers its own â€Å"partybuilder† to connect members, and the GOP has a customizable social network â€Å"MyGOP†. It is not whether a party is left or right-leaning that determine the interactivity of its web content, but the party’s size. Larger parties have more members that donate money in order to design, program, and create larger websites that offer more. 4. Although creating any website is relatively easy, it’s not so easy to organize, create, and maintain a large, dynamic website. Any website must offer its customers clarity yet also be informative and not confusing. If the information must look good and be organized, then design and page layout are factors. If interaction is desired, then more programming is needed. In addition, time spent creating a website is money, and larger, more programming-heavy websites do cost more to make and maintain. From the five websites I have browsed, the larger, more detailed websites belonged to the parties who were larger and could raise more money. Therefore I don’t agree with the claim that the Internet levels the playing field between all parties. Furthermore, there are many people in the U. S. who do not have access to the Internet, or who don’t use the Internet for news or video. People who live in remote areas, or are a generation removed from the Internet age, may have difficulties. It may be that some of these people cannot afford Internet access, or cannot access the Internet as easily as others. These people would be harder to reach if parties relied solely on websites to gain their audience. So even with the wide availability, the Internet may still not reach all citizens. However, it is an easy and inexpensive task to simply put up an informative page without the bells and whistles. In this way, the Internet can make the playing field more even. The existence of blogs and online magazines shows this. But I think that the Internet can be used in addition to traditional methods of connecting people—door-to-door, telephone calls, postal mail—in order to make a campaign more effective. The Internet is also a great way to tap into those who do use it day-to-day and are familiar with it. 5. 1. Middleberg Associates surveyed that in 1998, 50% of newspapers were online or had plans to go online. F – the number is 90%. 2. Low costs are the major factor in a news organization’s move onto the Web. –T 3. PoliticsNow was a joint collaboration between NBC News, National Journal, and the Washington Post. – F—It was a joint collaboration with ABC News, not NBC. 4. The most important advantage of online advertising is the ability to target certain aspects of the audience. –T 5. The most common web advertisement is the Flash ad. –F—The most common advertisement is the banner ad. 6. Being able to charge subscribers is a revenue alternative. –T 7. The benefits of charging subscribers outweigh the benefits of free content. –F—When websites charge for their content, traffic decreases. 8. The Wall Street Journal is one of the few newspapers that charge a subscriber base successfully. –T 9. Usually, libraries can use archival databases free of charge. –F—It’s customary for newspapers and magazines to charge libraries to use their archival databases. 10. Three major nontraditional news organizations are The Drudge Report, Salon, and Slate. –T 11. The first big story to break online was regarding the Unibomber. –F—The first big story to break online was Timothy McVeigh’s confession to the Oklahoma City bombing. 12. A common Web-enabled feature is the search engine. –T 13. The first television show with supplementary web content was Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. –F—The show was Survivor. 14. The number of people going online for news rose from 1% in 1995 to 16% by 2002. –T 15. There is no age gap in online news consumers. –F—18- to 29-year-olds go online for news five times that of those over age 65. 6. The 109th Congress passed the most bills in the last ten years (1998-2008). 7. a. List of ways in which the Internet impacts relationship between nations: 1. Communications—people around the world can e-mail each other, and even meet via the Internet, for business, political, or personal reasons. 2. Information—Nations, and regions within nations, can advertise, introduce, or just inform people all over the about their culture and locations. Embassies and consulates have their own websites, and tourism can be influenced by what information people find online. 3. Organization—The Internet can help bring people together and organize them, across country borders. For example, it is possible to access websites from abroad about political candidates in one’s home nation, and meet others in one’s political party despite vast distances. Another example is that a presidential candidate can use the Internet to gather groups of people and organize them. b. List the ways that the Internet impacts the relationships between non-national actors. 1. The Internet makes small communications faster, via e-mail or online messaging, which can be a part of a multi-tasking worker’s day. 2. The Internet is a great tool to bring strangers together for causes or concerns, such as petitions or volunteer polling. 3. News shows often have a supplementary website in which viewers can comment with each other in real-time, such as Cafferty Files.

NVQ Business studies Essay

Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world.

A narration of St Marys miracles

A narration of St Mary's miracles Religious storytelling was one form of popular religion used to teach commoners. Simple stories connected religious ideas to ordinary people, events, and objects that were relatable and also taught moral lessons in a way that commoners could understand, much like a Biblical parable. The content and intended purpose of the stories and lessons depended upon the intended audience as well as the teacher reaching out to that audience. Jacques de Vitry’s religious purpose of writing The Virgin Mary Saves a Monk and His Lover differs from King Alfonso X’s political purpose of including Song 159 in The Cantigas de Santa Maria, but they are both able to accomplish their intended purposes by telling stories of miracles performed by Saint Mary and using the characters, their actions, and story outcomes to teach a moral lesson. Jacques de Vitry, a Christian priest and scholar, wrote The Virgin Mary Saves a Monk and His Lover to teach lay people about moral living.[1] Because of the high cost of producing Bibles and high levels of illiteracy among commoners, many commoners â€Å"had a simple understanding of their faith† and religion.[2] Commoners depended on priests for biblical knowledge and instruction.[3] As a priest, de Vitry’s duty was to teach his parishioners, but he was also a scholar. He was challenged to the teach the people at a basic level that they could understand, a level of understanding more basic than his own. Stories about â€Å"saints’ lives reached a wide audience†, and clergy â€Å"encouraged the writing of vernacular poetry on biblical themes which could be recited publicly†.[4] Commoners were interested in listening to these stories, and the stories were memorable, easy to understand, and easily spread. De Vitry’s writing was able to fulfill his purpose by effectively reaching and teaching commoners. King Alfonso X of Castile and Leon compiled The Cantigas de Santa Maria, which contains Song 159, to praise the Virgin Mary and to unite his subjects. He was a Christian king and â€Å"a great patron of law, science, and the arts†.[5] Lyric poetry from Song 159 incorporated his value of art as well as Christian values— praise to the Virgin Mary. Popular saints like Saint Mary â€Å"could unite a country, bolstering its political order†.[6] King Alfonso could unite religious and political communities throughout his kingdom in their common belief and praise of the Saint Mary. Additionally, he could gain political support as king. Alfonso’s purpose for compiling these songs may have been personal but was more likely to promote himself politically. In The Virgin Mary Saves a Monk and His Lover, pious (moral) attitudes and actions were encouraged through praise of approval and reward. The â€Å"pious matron came frequently to the church frequently and served God most devoutly, day and night†, and the monk was the â€Å"guardian and treasurer of the monastery, had a great reputation for piety, and truly he was devout†.[7] Through repeated acts of service, which demonstrated devotion and humility, the monk and matron both had positive reputations for being pious. Even after the scandal, their pious actions were rewarded. When they confessed their sins and prayed to the Virgin Mary, she was â€Å"overcome by their prayers [and] summoned the demons who had caused the deed† to â€Å"bring the infamy to an end†.[8] They were rewarded with the forgiveness of sins and a miracle from Mary, which saved their reputations as well as the reputation of all religious people. The people were taught that if they follo wed the examples of the pious matron and monk that they too would be looked on favorably, praised, and rewarded. Through disapproval and punishment, immoral attitudes and actions were discouraged. The devil temped the monk and matron with carnal love and caused them to steal possessions from other before abandoning their positions of treasurer and wife.[9] Their acts of service became acts of lust and selfishness. When the people they had wronged brought them back, they â€Å"threw them into prison. Moreover so great was the scandal throughout the whole country and so much were all religious persons reviled that the damage from the infamy and scandal was far greater than from the sin itself†.[10] In addition to the punishment of being thrown into jail, the monk and matron has to suffer the shame and guilt of tarnishing their reputation as well as the reputations of other religious people. The people were taught that if they followed the immoral examples of the scandalous matron and monk they too would be frowned upon, shunned, and punished. In Song 159, the pious actions and attitudes of the pilgrims are, like the monk and matron, recognized and rewarded as encouragement. The nine pilgrims â€Å"were going to Rocamador to pray simply and humbly as good Christians†.[11] By praying simple prayers in a humble manner and going on a pilgrimage, which is beyond essential practice, they are credited with the reputation of being â€Å"good Christians†.[12] When they again pray to the Virgin Mary to find the missing steak, she makes the steak miraculously hop inside the trunk where it had been hidden.[13] They find the steak in answer to their prayer and are rewarded with a spectacular miracle. The pilgrims were examples for the people to follow if they wanted favorable outcomes. The immoral actions and attitudes of the pilgrims were privately recognized, and although unpunished, they were still discouraged because they had the chance of being discovered by someone else. The narrator stated that the pilgrims asked Mary for their pious prayers to be heard, and as soon as they had finished their prayers, they hurried â€Å"back to the inn where they waited for dinner impatiently†.[14] The narrator discretely mocked the pilgrims by highlighting the irony of offering prayers of self â€Å"piety† to the pious Saint Mary and by noting their ability to be impatient in prayer and in waiting for their dinner. The pilgrims’ impatience was far from piousness. The idea of the narrator being able to see the pilgrims’ secret actions and attitudes, with or without them even knowing, was similar to the Christian belief of being unable to hide secrets from an all-knowing. The potential for a secret action or attitude to be discovered was almost as dangerous as if it had been discovered, and the risk would deter some people from immoral behavior. Jacques and Alfonso were both Christians in positions of authority, and they both used popular stories about the Virgin Mary to teach a moral lesson. They both encouraged behaviors that convey attitudes of obedience, servitude, and humility and discouraged behaviors that convey attitudes of disobedience, selfishness, and greed, but their motivations for teaching these lessons were different. Jacques was teaching people how to live as â€Å"good Christians† while encouraging praise for the Virgin Mary, but Alfonso was teaching people how to live as â€Å"good citizens† while encouraging praise for the Virgin Mary and ultimately himself. They teach morals lessons to their audiences, and they also demonstrate their personal morals through their purposes and motivations.

My favorite philosopher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My favorite philosopher - Essay Example The paper starts with the Plato's history. Being born in a wealthy and powerful Athenians (Kemerling), Plato purposed to make wise use of such advantages in addition to his wit. For generations, many people have been witnessed who were endowed with money but have grown to squander their gifts. However, it was not so with Plato and that is just one thing I admire about him. Plato had been a student to Socrates, a well-known Athenian philosopher. To his being a student, I could say that he had been among those who did his responsibilities well. The knowledge that was passed on to him was not only recognized in his future life as a teacher himself but was embraced and lived to a full worth emulating. He is to the very sense of the word, a true philosopher worthy of being called such. Thinking could have been one of the very tasks he had been doing to the end of his life for indeed he did not just influence the branches of Science and Mathematics but even the sociological and political a spect of human beings. One of my favorite sayings from the master is this, "until philosophers are kings, or the king and princes of this world have the spirit and the power of philosophy, cities will never have rest from their evils nor the human race and then only will our states behold the light of day†. Of course I strongly agree with him on this thought because leaders should be thinkers. They should not be easily swayed by what are told of them nor what they externally see but they should be able to read the minds of people around them and the reasons why things happen in such and such a manner.

Issues of Our Times International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Issues of Our Times International - Essay Example In this paper I will be examining the MDGs in terms of success or progress, success stories and failures with the aim drawing the lessons learnt. In the MDGs the world identified eight major challenges facing nations of the world especially in the developing world and embarked on an ambitious plan to reduce if not eliminate them. Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger across the world, achieving universal primary education and promoting gender equality and empowering women for the f8irst three MDGs. Significant progress has been seen in this area as by 2012 the world targets had been achieved. Reducing the rates of child mortality and improving maternal health care are two goals that still require a lot of effort especially in the poorest nations. The last three goals i.e. ensuring environmental sustainability, fighting diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and others, and developing global partnerships for development are the other goals on which some remarkable progress has been made but more is required in order to meaningfully influence lives. On a larger perspective and basing on available statistics, there has been some significant progress overall but with the 2015 deadline just around the corner the world may miss on the targets in some of the goals. In the first goal of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, the goal was set at halving the proportion persons living on $1.25 and below around the world. The target was achieved in 2008 mostly as a result of rapid economic expansion in the emerging economies of Asia. Persons in extreme poverty as well as poverty rates have gone down in all regions and the working poor have reduced significantly. Attaining universal primary education as a target has also seen significant effort, enrollment stood at 90% in 2010 as compared to 82% in 1999. Though encouraging the rate is slow and the goal may not be attained by 2015.over a half of those children out of school are sub-Saharan Africa,

The Similarities and Differences Between Three Middle East Countries Research Paper

The Similarities and Differences Between Three Middle East Countries - Research Paper Example Despite this widespread theme, there are some differences in the way how some Arab and/or North African countries are run. This paper will compare the similarities and differences between three Middle East countries: Syria, Israel, and Libya. One of the similarities between Syria, Israel, and Libya is that there is constant fighting at the moment, albeit for very different reasons. The civil war in Syria has continued on for over a year now, with almost 20,000 thought to have been killed by the government supported by Bashar al-Assad. Likewise, Israel had constantly been involved in the conflict with the Palestinians ever since Israel became a country in 1948. Many hundreds of people are killed each year due to battle, and there are occasional flare-ups that result in military activity in order to defend Israel’s sovereignty. Finally, Libya also experienced some violence, with up to 10,000 people killed during an eight-month civil war. Violence is commonplace among all these t hree countries because of the internal conflict that remains. Other countries within the area also experience the same level of violence on a regular basis, so it can be concluded that Syria, Israel, and Libya are just representative of the greater region as a whole. Despite Syria, Israel, and Libya all succumbing to violence and/or civil war, there are some key differences between the three countries. The most obvious one has to do with religion; Israel is predominantly Jewish, but Syria and Libya are Muslim. Besides this, Israel has also largely been unaffected by the events of the Arab Spring. The violence that occurs on a daily basis in Israel comes from longstanding rifts with the Palestinians rather than an uprising of sorts. There is really very little chance of Israel going the same way as either Syria or Libya because it is a sound democracy. The difference between Libya and Syria is that one country still has an ongoing civil war (Syria) while the other one (Libya) is now in the process of changing to a democracy. Also, the western response to each country’s strife has been remarkably different. While NATO support was forthcoming for Libya, the same cannot be said about Syria, whose leader remains defiant despite the introduction of sanctions against his country. Syria, Israel, and Libya all have their differences yet they are defined by certain characteristics. The Arab Spring is a reoccurring theme among these nations, except Israel, has proven to be largely immune from it. The differences between the three countries are confined to religion and the current state of violence within each country. 2. Explain 4 things that the United States, England, and some other European countries have in common. The United States, England, and Ireland all have factors that set them apart from the rest of the world. These factors can be broken down into three categories: political, economic, and military. The most obvious similarity between the United States , England, and France is that they all rely on a democratic system of government. Citizens have the power to elect officials to the highest office and then remove them if they so choose. Additionally, each of these three countries’ justice systems revolves around a common law system. A common law legal system places more power in the hands of judges through the courts rather than judges making decisions solely based on any codes or statutes.

Study case3 Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case3 - Case Study Example Despite the poor performance, 25% of the company’s revenue is generated from beauty products sales that has brought forth highly innovative product under the leadership of A.G. Lafley as the CEO. Under his first tenure (2000 to 2009), P&G undertook various creative innovations that saw to double increase of its products sales. As the CEO, A.G. Lafley has come up with various measures that are aimed at propelling the company’s profitable sales of its products. The company has been pruning some of its production segments which include the selling of pet food producing segment to the Candy Bar and Pedigree-maker Mars Inc. for $2.9 billion which is enough cash to undertake innovations and reinvest in the growing shaving, baby care, beauty and fabric segments (Brown, Bruce, and Scott D. Anthony 42-56). In 2010, the company revealed a sustainable program to drive 20% reduction in energy used for every unit of production by the year 2020. This has cut down energy consumption by 8% per unit, and also continues to introduce energy management systems at new locations that will help the company save millions of dollars. Moreover; P&G has engage momentous mechanisms to enhance productivity, counting a five-year cost savings initiative that will last through 2016. Through this, Proctor and Gamble CO. Targets to save $10 billion in costs related to goods traded, marketing expenses and non-manufacturing expenses. This program helped the company save $1.2 billion in cost of goods sold in the fiscal year 2013. The company has also incorporated a reshuffling process of its worldwide sales operation, combining Eastern and Western Europe into the single transaction. While the other combination is for India into its African and Middle East operations aiming at organizing the sales distribution in parallel geographical location and cutting cost (Brown, Bruce, and

Guillermo Furniture Store Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Guillermo Furniture Store Scenario - Essay Example This case study concerns the strategic challenges faced by a relatively small but successful local furniture maker in the face of a large foreign competitor with superior technology and lower prices. The salient facts are as follows. a. A new competitor entered from overseas, with high tech methods and low prices. The plant in Norway was highly automated, used very little labour (used robotics). Production could move between products quickly, and runs on a 24- hour basis (shift-differentials could be more than offset by reduction in labor). 1. Guillermo may tie up with a Norwegian competitor which did not want to operate retail outlets locally but preferred to rely on chain distributors. Guillermo, while retaining the high-end custom work, intends to represent the Norwegian company, converting his company’s primary focus from manufacturing to distribution. 2. Guillermo had a patented process for creating a coating for his furniture which was flame-retardant and, with further processing, stain resistant. There was market for the flame-retardant but not the finished coating. Budgets represent short-term financial forecast, particularly of expected cash flows, based on the business plans drawn by the company, to see if forecasted cash outflows and their timing could be sufficiently covered by cash inflows (revenues and liabilities), and if not, to allocate for future financing at the time they would be needed. Past performance reports to see the history of costs and sales, and to draw insights as to the behavior of costs and revenues given the environmental indicators. Ratios, trends and sensitivity analyses of costs and revenues compared to each other and to economic indicators is important in determining how the company will be affected by a prospective decision. Ratio analysis of historical and cross-sectional accounts are helpful

Immorality of Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immorality of Abortion - Research Paper Example Contrary to popular belief that abortion is a modern operation, there is retrospective evidence that it was practiced as long ago as the 5th century BC by ancient civilizations. Even in biblical times, a form of abortion was practiced, as is evidence in the book of numbers where a woman accused of infidelity would be made to drink â€Å"the bitter water† which would bring out the â€Å"curse† (Fox). Other recorded cases of abortion were in ancient Egypt (1550 B.C.E.) and China in the 5th century where among other things used to induce it was mercury (Fox). Notably, many the methods used in the past were dangerous and could have killed the mother just as easily as induced the abortion. In the recent past, abortions were illegal for moral, religious and health issues. However, after the 20th century, women rights groups and doctors have been often able to repeal this ban and as a result, many countries, especially in America and Europe, have legalized it to the chagrin of the pro-life groups. The issues that have made abortion such a controversial and pertinent issue include the fact that apart from the guaranteeing the unborn child’s death, it also jeopardizes the life of the mother; in addition, several of those who undergo abortions are underage girls who are pregnant and have no one to support them or the baby. Bearing in mind that it is the moral duty of the strong to protect the weak and comparably pro lifers consider it their duty to protect the life and rights of the unborn child. While the modern methods of carrying out the operation are mostly safe and performed by qualified doctors, from an objective perspective the action is immoral. Nonetheless, in view of the fact that a woman has agreed consciously and actively to end the unborn life in her is immoral in itself (Lee and Robert 13). Proponents of abortion have been trying to justify abortion and paint it with a moral brush for as long as the pro-lifers have been condemning it. O ne of the principal arguments put forward to humanize abortion and portray it in a moral light is that the fetus is not yet human being. They claim that if the pro-life side agrees a sperm and ovary are not considered human, yet they have potential to become human then the same should be said of the fetus. Therefore, should the pro choice concede it is human, they will go ahead and claim for one to be recognized as a person; thus, they would need to be self-aware. As such, anything in the womb is not self aware, ergo, cannot be human and the same argument has been proposed by advocates defending suspects of infanticide (Lee and Robert 15). However, these arguments are untenable and illogical at best; therefore, comparing the sperm to the fertilized egg flies in the face of logic since the sperm will only have potential for life if it is merged with the egg. On its own, it does not have a chance to generate life, the fertilized egg, on the other hand, in an autonomous genetic unit on ly requires the parent to host it and supply it with nourishment for the duration of the pregnancy. This is no different from when a child stays with its mother fully dependent on her for the first few months. However, at this point, even the diehard pro-choice people will not agree that the mother is free to terminate

The Sensory Retail Environment of Small Fashion Essay

The Sensory Retail Environment of Small Fashion - Essay Example The paper "The Sensory Retail Environment of Small Fashion" discovers the experiential retailing as the way of retail brand differentiation. The researchers introduced the photographs, which were taken by the participants as a tool to give more information on the questions. This was effective because the participants were able to communicate dimensions of their lives. Visual images play an important role in the customer behavior in a commercial setting. The research design was suitable for this study, researcher compared two different vintage shop with contrasting sensory environment. Comparison why customer returned to one shop compared to the other. In addition, the sample size was small to gather more information on the question of the study. Interviews were used for this case study, which were long enough to ensure that the questions were satisfactory answered. In addition, there was telephone follow up for clarification of the information. The notes were written down to generate insights in the fashion retailing shop. The photographs were also used to support the written words to add meaning to the information communicated. The sample collection process within the participant was consistent. All participants were given similar digital camera and demonstrated how to use. In addition, the entire participants were met individually to ensure the information provided was according to their own experience. A photograph is very useful because it record things the way they look.

Office of Strategic Services Essay Example for Free

Office of Strategic Services Essay The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was created on June 13, 1942 by President Franklin Roosevelt after he decided that he needed a new and different form of espionage group modeled after a British Intelligence agency. The primary reason for the OSS was to gather enemy information, carry out sabotage operations, distribute propaganda to attack the enemies and plan out special operations for different agencies. Willam J.  Donovan was the head of OSS appointed by President Roosevelt, who soon began to recruit everyone he thought was necessary for the job including, consulting, British spy-master Lan Fleming, author of the popular series James Bond. Donovan was born on January 1, 1883 and was a very successful man outside of all of his military duty. He was a lawyer and intelligence officer outside of the battlefield but also was a Colonel during WWI and reached Major General during WWII. Donovan was also named the Coordinator Of Information (COI) and received multiple medals for all of his service including: Distinguished Service Medal, three Oak Leaf Cluster Medals, a Medal of Honor (MOH) and three Purple Hearts. Donovan died on February 8, 1959 and is now a part of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame. The OSS was formed from the COI but half of its members stayed to work with the government for the Foreign Information Service (FIS). When the OSS first began, many people didnt like the group because they thought it to be taking over and it was actually banned from all Japanese intercepts and was only allowed to certain German intercepts under FBI terms. The Counterintelligence unit (X-2) was only allowed to operate in the Eastern Hemisphere where the FBI was operated in the Western Hemisphere. However, the British Intelligence services were very helpful to the OSS, understanding what they were going through, British Intelligence helped with OSS training, information and experience. The OSS was separated into three different branches, The Research and Analysis Branch, The Moral Operations Branch and The Labor Division. The Research and Analysis Branch was responsible for employing academics for plan strategies for future invasions. The Moral Operations Branch was responsible for producing all of the propaganda used to attack enemies and The Labor Division was responsible for discouraging activity within trade unions. There were also three, main functional branches which were made of the Special Operations (SO), the Secret Intelligence (SI) and the Counterintelligence (X-2). Weapons and spy gear were a big part of the OSS and all of their success. Donovan created in-house capability to fabricate tools and weapons but by the end of the war there were multiple labs which created mass-productions of weapons and spy gear for all of the OSS to use. There was a Research and Development Branch which was the main-inventing station for all weapons and gadgets. Stanley P. Lovell was in charge of the Research and Development Branch. The OSS is now the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and has the most responsibilities that the OSS did during WWII. The functions of the OSS were split between the Department of State and the Department of War. The State Department received the Research and Analysis Branch of OSS which was renamed the Interim Research and Intelligence Service and the War Department took over the Secret Intelligence (SI) and Counter-espionage (X-2) Branches. The OSS was dissolved September 20, 1945 by President Truman. Over the years, the OSS conducted successful espionage and sabotage operations in Europe and Asia along with employing almost 13,000 men and women.

Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy Essay Example for Free

Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy Essay In The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy, Maria Susan Stone discusses the cultural policy-making under Mussolini’s regime in Italy from 1922 to 1943. Specifically, she has provided a detailed study of two of the most popular showpieces of public culture during the fascist regime: the reconstituted Venice Biennale and the 1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution. Stone asserts that the cultural politics that happened during the fascist regime in Italy was developed in three stages. The first stage (from 1925-30) was when the Fascists worked with the established institutions of high culture. It was during this stage that the regime discovered that it could not officially sanction any one style or movement. Stone also described this stage as the time when the Fascists dealt with the social elites. The second stage (from 1931-36) was the period when they used patronage and experimentation in an effort to shape cultural institutions according to their specifications. This is also the period when the Fascists increasingly gained support from the mass. They achieved this by moving away from supporting traditional events aimed for social elites and supporting events aimed at the masses instead. And finally, the third stage (from 1937-43), was when they adopted a more coercive set of methods. Through flexible policy of taste and patronage, the Fascists were able to win the consent of artists and draw supporters from the higher class to the masses. The role and use of mass culture during the Fascist regime have always fascinated historians for the past thirty years. Stone had added to the vast researches by other prominent historians such as Walter Adamson, Philip Cannistraro, and Umberto Silva on the same topic but on a new perspective. Work Cited: Stone, Maria Susan. The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998

Health Promotion in Adult Nursing: Adult Asthma Case Study

Health Promotion in Adult Nursing: Adult Asthma Case Study This essay will address how to help a 20 year old asthma sufferer bring to an end his recurrent admissions to hospital because of acute exacerbations in his asthma. Asthma is a common and chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, associated with marked health and economic consequences. It is estimated that approximately 5.2 million people in the United Kingdom (UK) suffer from asthma, making the condition the most common long term illness in this country. Asthma accounts for 1,400 deaths per annum, with a third of these being among individuals under 65 years of age. Similarly, asthma also accounts for about 69,000 hospital admissions a year. It is estimated that more than half of the 5.2 million people with asthma in the UK do not have adequate symptom control. While 500,000 of these have asthma that is difficult to control with available medication, and are thought to be resistant to corticosteroids, asthma is not well controlled in approximately 2.1 million people for reasons s uch as non-concordance with medication (Asthma UK, 2004, pp3-7). As already mentioned asthma is a long-term chronic condition (LTC) and although chronic illness is not a newly-recognised phenomenon, the incidence and prevalence has significantly increased over the second half of the 20th century and continues to rise in the 21st century (Howie, 2005, p318). This is not least because of the aging population and advances in medical science diminishing the impact of infectious diseases. In addition, the emergence of unhealthy lifestyles is arguably the trigger for many non-communicable diseases such as chronic heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to which asthma has similar pathophysiology. (Nissinen et al, 2001, p963). It is estimated that in the UK over 17.5 million people are affected by a LTC and 8.8 million have long term illness that severely limits their day to day ability to cope. It is proposed that those aged over 65 affected by a LTC are more likely to have multiple long term conditions, which makes care particularly complex. Debatably, unhealthy lifestyles and an aging population are the reasons for the high prevalence of LTCs contributing towards the large financial costs in caring for these patients who occupy up to 42 percent of all acute hospital bed days (Department of Health (DH), 2005b, p10). Arguably, these issues indicate that these patients are not receiving the care in ways that meet their needs or the needs of the health system. It is proposed that this is why management of LTCs is of specific importance to current Government health strategies. To this effect, numerous policy documents have been published that define the present philosophies for the management of LTCs. One particular policy; The National Service Framework (NSF) for Long Term Conditions was published by the DH in March 2005 (DH, 2005b, p24). The NSF predominantly concentrates on individuals’ with long-term neurological conditions. However, it is anticipated that to a great extent the guidance presented could be relevant to all long-term conditions. The document has outlined 11 â€Å"quality requirements† and among others there are various ones that are particularly pertinent to Steven Williams’s case. These include the provision of person-centred care and choice, the offering of information and support for the safe and effective use of medicines, the supporting of self care and the consideration of health promotion needs. It is suggested that in order to meet Steven’s needs he will require support and education so that he can make informed choices. Metcalf (2005, p60) suggests that informed choice for those with LTCs is the key to success and a means of examining issues pertaining to non-concordance, risk taking behaviours and patient choice. As already mentioned, Steven began to smoke when he started attending university. Cigarette smoking is implicated as a health-risk behaviour and there is evidence to suggest that active smoking in adults with asthma increases asthma severity. A study by Siroux et al, (2000, p470) on the relationships of active smoking to asthma and asthma severity, found that current smokers with asthma had more asthma symptoms, more frequent asthma attacks (≠¥ 1 attack per day) and scored higher on the asthma severity scores, compared to those asthma sufferers who had never smoked and ex-smokers. Other trigger factors that can exacerbate asthma symptoms include house dust mites, pet allergens, pollen, moulds and fungal spores, certain drugs such as asprin and beta blockers, occupational triggers and viral respiratory tract infections (Roberts, 2002, p46). Arguably, in Steven’s case, alongside his lack of concordance with his asthma medication, it is suggested that his smoking habit is a key factor in his acute asthma exacerbations. Therefore, it is proposed that Steven needs help with smoking cessation and education on the side effects and concordance of his medication. Numerous approaches are presently being utilised for smoking cessation. These approaches incorporate pharmacological methods, such as nicotine replacement therapy or antidepressants, hypnotherapy, and exercise supported interventions. Behavioural approaches include stage based interventions, which mainly use the transtheoretical model (Prochaska, DiClemente Norcross, 1992, p1102-14) and this model divides people into five different stages. These are the precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance stages. The justification behind â€Å"staging† people, as such, is to fit the therapy to a person’s need at his or her particular point in the change process. Succession through the stages is in order, although relapses to previous stages can happen. The model also recognises 10 processes of change, the theory being that the effectiveness of the different processes of change will vary according to the patient’s stage. Arguably, however, this h as not repeatedly been defended in empirical research (Sutton, 2000, p31). It is proposed that it would be necessary for health professionals to recognise precisely an individual’s stage of change, or readiness to change. This is so that an intervention based on â€Å"stage specific processes† of change can be employed. It is important that the stage of change is re-evaluated regularly, and that the intervention should reflect changes in the individual’s willingness to change. These elements of the intervention can be continual until the person accomplishes and sustains the change in behaviour. In this way, stage based interventions develop and adjust in answer to the individual’s progression through the stages of change. Therefore it is debated that stage based models recommend that interventions that take into account the existing stage of the individual will be much more successful and efficient than one size fits all interventions (Prochaska, DiClemente Norcross, 1992, p1103). Having said this however, the stages of change t heory does not take into account any outside influences that might have an impact on a person’s ability to change. It is proposed that Steven recognises that he has a problem and has asked for help. Therefore, it is suggested that this places him in the contemplation stage. It is suggested therefore, that Steven needs to be given help and advice that will lead him to the preparation for action stage. In doing this, debatably, it will be necessary for Steven to assess his feelings regarding his smoking behaviour. It is important therefore that health professionals who are using behavioural change models for smoking cessation are thoroughly trained in the procedure or at least are aware of the availability of a smoking cessation nurse. Ethically, it is argued that health professionals have a duty of care to help patients like Steven live healthier lifestyles. However, ethically Steven has the right to autonomy in his lifestyle choices (Tschudin, 2003, p151). It is proposed that inhaled corticosteroids are still the most effective preventer drug for attaining treatment objectives (British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (BTS, SIGN, 2004, Chapter 4, p2). Steven has voiced concerns about the effects of steroids and this has stopped him taking his preventative inhaler. Similarly, he only uses his reliever inhaler when he becomes extremely wheezy. This is in accordance with Bender’s (2002, p554) suggestion that one of the reasons people do not take their medication is because they are worried about side effects. It is argued that this could be because their initial concerns might have not been fully addressed by health professionals (Carter et al, 2003, p27). It is proposed that nurses are ideally placed to educate patients on the benefits of medication concordance. It is important that a nurse thoroughly explains the necessity of the treatment and any subsequent side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are t he main preventative treatment for asthma sufferers. When taken twice daily at a low dose, corticosteroids are highly effective in reducing asthmatic symptoms, improving lung function, and reducing cellular inflammation. Systemic effects are rare on a low dose and most asthma patients are extremely well controlled on a low dose inhaler. Adverse local effects can include dysphonia and oral candidiasis. These symptoms can be relieved by either gargling or rinsing the mouth with water after inhalation (Roberts, 2002, p48). It is proposed that if Steven regularly takes his preventative inhaler then his asthma will be better controlled and he is much less likely to need systemic corticosteroids that can have adverse side effects such as weight gain and thinning of the skin when taken long-term. The NSF quality requirements of person-centred care and choice, and the offering of advice on the use of medication are relevant to the case mentioned, as is the consideration of health promotion needs. The patient will require help in giving up smoking as this is a major factor contributing to his repeat admissions to hospital. Help in the correct use of his medication is also required if he is to remain free from episodes of acute asthma. Nurses caring for patients like Steven will need to know what help is available with smoking cessation and the various options that can be offered to individuals who want to cease smoking. The Prochaska and DiClemente model of behaviour change is commonly used in smoking cessation; however, its effectiveness is questionable. References Asthma UK (2004) Where do we stand, http://www.asthma.org.uk/how_we_help/publishing_reports/index.html (last accessed: June 25th 2007) Bender BG (2002) Overcoming barriers to nonadherence in asthma treatment, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 109 Supplement 6, S554-559 British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (BTS, SIGN) (2004) British Guideline on the Management of Asthma: A National Clinical Guideline, revised edition, Edinburgh, http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/published/support/guideline63/download.html, chapter4, (last accessed: June 26th 2007) Carter S, Taylor D Levenson R (2003) A Question of Choice: Compliance in Medicine Taking, Medicines Partnership, London Department of Health (2005b) The National Service Framework for Long-term Conditions, http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Longtermconditions/index.htm (last accessed: June 25th 2007) Howie K (2005) Long-term conditions, Practice Nursing, 16, 7, 318 Metcalf J (2005) The management of patients with long-term conditions, Nursing Standard, 19, 45, 53-60 Nissinen A, Berrios X Puska P (2001) Community-based noncommunicable disease intervention: lessons from developed countries for developing ones, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 79, 963-970, http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/79(10)963.pdf (last accessed: June 25th 2007) Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC Norcross JC (1992) In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors, American Psychologist, 47, 1102-14 Roberts J (2002) The management of poorly controlled asthma, Nursing Standard, 16, 21, 45-51 Tschudin V (2003) Ethics in Nursing: The Caring Relationship, Third edition, Butterworth Heinemann, London Siroux V, Pin I, Oryszczyn MP, Le Moual N, Kauffmann F (2000) Relationships of active smoking to asthma and asthma severity in the EGEA study, European Respiratory Journal, 15, 3, 470–477 Sutton S (2000) A critical review of the transtheoretical model applied to smoking cessation. In: Norman P, Abraham C, Conner M, eds. Understanding and changing health behaviour: from health beliefs to self-regulation. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Press

the beachcomber :: essays research papers

The Beachcomber She dug her hand deep into the cool damp sand and closed her eyes. Squishing the moist grains with her fingers in the fury of the day reminded her of afternoons just laying in bed wrapped up in clean, white sheets, waiting for an answer. They gave her one of course, or else she would have never left that room, but she knew that something was left unsaid. Something was just terribly, terribly wrong, and although she couldn’t seem to put her finger on it back then, she knew. The silence was okay, she could’ve lived with that. But it was the coldness that scared her; the coldness suspended in the air between them: her mommy washing dishes in the kitchen, head bent, hair swooped to the side, hiding her left cheek, and her daddy, sitting on the sofa reading the Sunday paper in silent indifference. She was caught in the middle, with her toys scattered around her, shivering at the coldness of it all. She knew. They told her it would be fun having two houses. Imagine, two of everything! Two beds, two television sets, two dollhouses†¦ Her mommy’s hands were trembling. â€Å"But I don’t want two of everything. I just want both of you.† They were quiet for a moment. Her mommy stared blankly at the wall, following a crooked line of marching ants. Her eyes were swollen and red. Below the corner of her left eye were (what seemed to the little girl) smudges of pink and purple pastel crayons. Her daddy held her shoulders gently and whispered in her ear, â€Å"I love you so much princess.† And as her daddy hugged her tight, she wondered why princesses had to live such terrible lives. Pretty soon she was living in two houses with two of everything, just like they said. She lived with her daddy and Tita Carmen in Alabang, and with her mommy in their old house in Manila. Her daddy said that Tita Carmen was very much like her mommy in Manila in that she would take care of her and love her and play dolls with her all afternoon (if she wants to). Her mommy in Manila did not say anything. She tightened her fist filled with sand, and forced herself to think of something else. Think happy. Think happy. Think strawberry ice cream with chocolate syrup. Think new dresses for Mimi, her favorite doll.

The Themes in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman B

The Themes in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† the reader finds several themes. These will be discussed in this essay.    Morse Peckham in â€Å"The Development of Hawthorne’s Romanticism† explains what he interprets Hawthorne’s main theme to be:    Once the self has been redeemed from society it can be explored in its own terms, and for this purpose Hawthorne developed his peculiar use of emblematic allegory. . . . This technique, though Hawthorne’s is different from that of European writers, creates analogies between self and not-self, between personality and the worlds. . . .Henceforth Hawthorne’s theme is the redemption of the self through the acceptance and exploitation of what society terms the guilt of the individual but which to the Romantic is society’s guilt (92).    The interplay between the guilt of the individual, Goodman, and society’s guilt, underlies all of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† from beginning to end.    In reading Hawthorne’s tales, Herman Melville in â€Å"Hawthorne and His Mosses† (in Literary World, August 17, 24, 1850) makes discoveries relevant to the themes:    Where Hawthorne is known, he seems to be deemed a pleasant writer, with a pleasant style,--a sequestered, harmless man, from whom any deep and weighty thing would hardly be anticipated:--a man who means no meanings. But there is no man, in whom humor and love, like mountain peaks, soar to such a rapt height, as to receive the irradiations of the upper skies;--there is no man in whom humor and love are developed in that high form called genius; no such man can exist without also possessing, as the indispensable complement of these, a great, deep intellect, which drops down... ...â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Martin, Terence â€Å"Six Tales.† In Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965.    Melville, Herman. â€Å"Hawthorne and His Mosses,† The Literary World August 17, 24, 1850. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/hahm.html    Peckham, Morse. â€Å"The Development of Hawthorne’s Romanticism.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.         

Do Men Have Symptoms of PMS :: essays research papers

The meaning of premenstrual, according to Webster's Dictionary, is: "occurring before a menstrual period." Men do not have menstrual cycles, since they do not have uteri. A uterus is required for menses. Does the possibility exist that men have the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? Can the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome be associated with the male species? Due to the numerous symptoms associated with PMS, this essay deals with the symptoms of: irritability and stress, food cravings and weight gain, headaches . Just mentioing PMS makes some people irritable. How people express their irritability differs from each person. Some people express their irritable mood with body language. Such as, when a person throws his or her hands up in the air, and says, "touch me and die," this is a good indication that they are irritable. Most people's personalities control how they react to anger. Most people's personalities differ. Some people feel hostile, while others just show hostility. Most men say, "that they are just stressed out." Most men think that when women get stressed out, it is due to a hormone-imbalance due to PMS. Some people get food cravings when their hormones are imbalanced. Hormones control when people feel get cravings. Most people crave certain foods. Whether, the chocolate melts in their hands, the toppings are piled on the pizza, or they feel the need to lick the inside of the potato chip bag; people get cravings. Cravings can influence a person's diet. Some people eat healthy foods and exercise. They control their craving and eating habits. Other people give in to their bodies natural cravings. Some men use the excuse that they have a "sweet tooth" when they have a craving. But, most men say that when some women eat "they are stuffing their mouths." If a person does not exercise enough, and gives into too many cravings, they can get overweight. With ninety percent of the American adult population overweight; a lot of people are giving in to their cravings. Some people substitute food for affection. Others eat just because they are bored. Some people eat when they get depressed. Most people get depressed at some point in their lives. Hormone-imbalances can cause depression. Depression happens to some people when they have PMS. Hormones get released by certain hormone-producing glands into the body. The brain uses these hormones to dictate what emotions a person has.

African-American Civil Right Movement

The African-American Civil Rights Movement During the frail moments in history there are times to be seen as a great movement. One of those moments in the history of America was the African-American Civil Rights Movement. This movement came by storm with different views on how civil rights should be fought. With the extremism of Malcolm X or the prolific voice of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. There were key court cases Brown v. Board of Education and the world wide known Rosa Parks. This action by African-Americans to fight for equality was a battle which they had to endure.However, the African-American people would be able to succeed in the goals which they set. One of the greatest social movements within the United States was the African-American Civil Rights Movement. This movement wanted to rid or outlaw racial discrimination against African-Americans. The movement had a major campaign of civil resistance which were acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience that would create a disturbance to federal, state, and local governments. The segregation between â€Å"White† and â€Å"Colored† was the main cause for these protests. The segregation was nonsense.With separate drinking fountains, restrooms, and other miniscule areas the segregation between whites and coloreds kept the rift between these two races. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is known for his heroic speeches that describe that to thrive as a nation, a nation must be united. With his superior charismatic skills he was able to grab the attention of the nation. His most famous speech which is known by most as â€Å"I have a dream† speech was the high point of the 1963 March on Washington. Another leader during the African-American Civil Right Movement was Malcolm X.Though many peers viewed him as a advocate that charged racial issue, he undoubtedly brought the attention of racial injustice. An example of his actions was a New York Police beating on Johnston Hinton. Malcolm X went t o the police station to see Mr. Hinton and was denied. Malcolm then created a crowd of protesters and with the growing numbers of his peers the police station then allowed him to see Hilton. It was protests like these which lead the charge to equality throughout the nation. But there were also key law suits and court cases that would make justice history.During a movement there has to be examples to which are known, and can be used to show either the highest achievements of the movement or show how the old justice system is broke. It was the series of court cases known as Brown v. Board of Education. This case was brought to the attention of the court system to allow the education of Black and White Children. The lawyers of the NAACP stated that segregation of the school were unconstitutional and did not promote democracy. With this on May 18, 1954 Greensboro was the first city in the South to execute the ruling of the U.S. Supremes Court’s Brown v. Board of Education. This h ad a positive effect for the movement forward to equality. Another famous court case was the Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Due to her actions taken on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was dubbed â€Å"the mother of the Civil Rights Movement†. Rosa Parks refuse to leave her seat on a public bus to leave room for a white passenger. She was arrested, tried, and convicted for her actions that day. However, due to this incident 50 African-American leaders organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott.With the support of approximately 50,000 African Americans in the Montgomery area, the boycott lasted for 381 days. The results of this boycott lead to the local segregating of African-American and Whites to be lifted. With the mass amount of boycotters the revenue for the bus decreased 80% until a federal court ordered the Montgomery’s bus service to desegregate in November. Other legislative achievements during this movement were the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Ac t of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.With the African-American Civil Rights Movement being a concrete example of the determination of making a nation move forward to a more acceptable place, it was due to these key people which stood up a led a group whom wanted the same privileges as those whom already had. A movement with such importance must be taught and understood. During any movement in history there will always be those who emerge as leaders, sometimes those want to be a leader and some of those who are leaders unintentionally and lead by peaceful actions.These movement leaders: Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made history which will be concreted into the books of history and will be forever known as leaders in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. End Notes 1. Henretta, J. A, Brody, D. , America a Concise  History, Volume 1, Fourth Edition. Boston: Bedfords/St. Martin’s, 2012. 2. Bruce, Perry, The Last Speeches, (New York: Pathfind er, 1998) 978-0-87348-543-2 (accessed October 8, 2012), 165. 3. Klarman, Michael J. ,Brown v.Board of Education and the civil rights movement: abridged edition of From Jim Crow to civil rights  : the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality, Oxford  ; New York  : Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 55 4. Chafe, William Henry, Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) 0-19-502625-X (Accessed October 8, 2012), 81. Bibliography Henretta, J. A, Brody, D. , America a Concise  History, Volume 1, Fourth Edition. Boston: Bedfords/St. Martin’s, 2012. Perry, Bruce. The Last Speeches. New York: Pathfinder, 1989. 78-0-87348-543-2 (accessed October 8, 2012). Klarman, Michael J. ,Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement: abridged edition of From Jim Crow to civil rights  : the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality, Oxford  ; New York  : Oxford Uni versity Press, 2007 Chafe, William Henry (1980). Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-19-502625-X. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. J. A. Henretta, and D. Brody, America a Concise History, (Boston: Bedfords/St.Martin's, 2012), 828. [ 2 ]. Bruce Perry, The Last Speeches, (New York: Pathfinder, 1989)978-0-87348-543-2 (accessed October 8, 2012), 165. [ 3 ]. Klarman, Michael J. ,Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement: abridged edition of From Jim Crow to civil rights  : the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality, Oxford  ; New York  : Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 55 [ 4 ]. Chafe, William Henry (1980). Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-19-50262 5-X.

Public Health Care Service In Cameroon Essay

Social function consist of goods that argon part of study(ip) preference bases that essential be pluckd goodly in parliamentary procedure to fulf pale the f execrableing organic evolution deal of the country. The common wellness address dodging (PHCS) is cardinal of the vision bases that directly benefits from goerning budget eachocation. end-to-end Cameroon, researchers observe major differences and unequal package dispersal in the glide slope and employ of the earthly c erstrn wellness work.These incongruities become evident when examining the dissemination of wellness infrastructures and wellness workers passim Cameroon. A closer analysis shows that the organisational imbalance of normal wellness establishments, a ache with in distinguish internal and external administrative politics ( monetary weaknesses and misfortunate g everywherenance) in the caution of PHCS argon the most signifi wadt obstacles modify the potential of the wellness faculty, the competency of the PHCS and the loveliness of prevalent wellness work livery in Cameroon.Human Resource statistical statistical scatteringFirst, the snatch of wellness compassionate workers crossways the country is remarkablely in decorous with nearly 1 physician made functional for more or little(prenominal) 10,000 inhabitants, comp bed to 1 for each 3,000 as recommended by the c at atomic number 53 timeption wellness establishment (WHO). Further much, it has been reported that on that point is or so 1 nurse for every 2,250 individuals, comp bed to 1 for every 1,000 as recommended by the WHO. s needen 2-1 shows the statistical trend in the second of physicians, nurses, midwives, dentists and about other wellness business organisation providers from 1980 to 2005, as thoroughly as the add in the f either of pharmacies. Even though the numbers that be displayed in this remit seem gigantic, and presence in mind that the commonwealth has been steady increasing since 1980, in that location is a divergence amidst the number of providers working in the wellness contend industry and the number of citizenry living in Cameroon. Indeed, in 2001 the human being resource deficit in the PHCS has been estimated to list approximately 9,000 persons.In improver to the deficient number of wellness foreboding workers, in that respect is unequal distri besidesion of wellness staffs finishedout the country with wide dispersion disparities between urban and farming(prenominal) aras, which c any for to obvious disparities in devil to anguish between unworthy and non-poor. Studies show that patch the ratio of wellness staff office stands at 1 for 400 people in urban aras, their ratio of wellness force play decreases tenfold, and is pegged at 1 for 4000 people in sylvan areas, requiring farming(prenominal) residents to get going long distances to get a line the necessary health check treat. much(pr e nominated) imbalance between health workers and the existence requiring the health serve raises concerns about the authorisation of the health providers, since it is likely that their competence would be diminished referable to the heavy intromissionalize of patients they mustiness carry off for. Because PHCS facilities are selectively located, there arise problems of lawfulness in coming.Equipment and Facilities DistributionThe diffusion of equipment and facilities resources likewise indicates that the PHCS is naughtily equipped to provide adequate health services to ex scat to the consume of the population. The natural resources buildings, equipment, and supplies pass been woefully deteriorating for some time. close to of the infrastructure and the equipment of the PHCS are outdated. Facilities are raggedly distributed among responsiblenesss, as well as between urban and coarse areas. get across 2-2 shows that there is 1 health substance for 8,500 peopl e, 1 infirmary bed for 770 people, and 1 health facility per 85,000 people, which is clearly in comfortable to meet the health check checkup exam checkup needs of the population, and at the corresponding time, provide appropriate checkup heraldic bearing.though the total number of health centers has change magnitude cardinalfold rising from 1,893 health centers in 1990 to 2,144 health centers in 1996, the inequitable distribution frames foreshortens of disproportionate opening to health services. thitherfore, though there might be sufficient facilities for providing primary care for the countrys population, the problem of uneven geographical distribution of health care facilities and the lack of deft medical forcefulness in out-of-door areas, are incongruent and last out un end. wellness pros and skilled substantiate staffs, valuable and congenital assets of any health care system, are crucially scarce in the Cameroonian PHCS. Health professionals need to be trai ned and motivated to perform at optimal levels however, in Cameroon, there are no incentives to encourage competent health workers to uphold in the globe sector or provide good timber services in the common facilities. Those health workers who remain and work in the earth health sector fuck off been in general charge to urban earthly concern facilities due to their common reluctance to relocate to remote areas of the country.Consequently, there exists an over picture of subordinate health providers with an conjunction oversupply of infrastructure in loosely urban areas whereas, there is an undersupply of qualified staff with the tender undersupply of adequate infrastructures in primarily boorish areas. Hence, the deficit and uneven distribution of trained health workers nationwide as well as the insufficient and different distribution of health facilities promote overcrowding of legion(predicate) everyday health facilities. Taken together, these rife conditions limit the effectiveness of health care workers, and contribute to under habit of facilities in other areas, all leading in inefficiency of the PHCS. The disparities of health services crossways the country butt joint be mention in Table 2-2.Inadequate brass and Lack of FundingApart from the imperfect health facilities, the accompanying technical nutriment centers are likewise sooner outdated with inept and corrupt bureaucratic administrations. everyday procedures that should normally be completed deep down a matter of hours can consider some(prenominal) days to be resolved. much(prenominal)(prenominal) ineptitude points to a lack of administrative discipline and an ingrained culture of putrescence in the earthly concern health care system. From administrative procedures to medical procedures, patients in particular the poor deliver to defile the personnel in order to beat medical service sales pitch or they harbour to be alert to undergo several trips to the healthcare institution just to receive appropriate medical care. Further much, there is no proper circumspection accounting system in public health facilities, raising issues of unsatisfactory worry. gain income from performed services are non all reported and when they are it remains quite unclear which charges correspond to which services. A number of conflicting phenomena that retard effective ripening of PHCS have yet to be resolved or corrected. The conflict of interest and the histrionics problems arising when publicly diligent physicians besides manage public health facilities seems non to be a major concern of the MOPH. Physicians employed to serve public facilities may tend to divert patients to their own orphic clinics or they lack the necessary rigor and ethical motive in the delivery of medical care. in that location is therefore a clear shortfall of competent and skilled healthcare managers and a lack of circumspection leadership potentiality resulting in e xtensive internal administrative weaknesses. The lack of st stepgic planning in the conception and the implementation of health projects and designs also contributes to the failure of initiated health projects. Managers at public facilities, mainly possessing exactly basic medical background, lack the vision, the leadership capacity and the management discipline required for the function of healthcare manager. They approve projects presented to them, for example, base on innate (highest under the table kickback) rather than design (impact on population health stipulation and emolument in quality of life) regards.They do non have competent support staff to assist them in do business st ramblegic paygrade, which is necessary before engaging in any project. such preparatory analysis would include environmental scanning, st laygy formulation, strategy implementation and evaluation and control of operations. Thus, the lack of strategic management capacity and the inability to learn from agone mistakes and others experiences favor wastage of precious resources and promote inadequate governance of the PHCS. Significantly, the PHCS is clearly under financed. Health care organizations must generate property flow, acquire assets, and put those assets to work, just as manufacturing and banking organizations do. Though the public budget allocated to PHCS has more than than doubled in the last meet of years, going from CFAF 24,048 billion or 2.16% of the guinea pig budget in 1997 to CFAF cxx,844 billion or 7.82% of the national budget in 2005 (Table 2-3), it is principal(prenominal) to note that such growth coincided with the implementation of several economical reforms and the approval of loans from the World bank (WB). Moreover, a noteworthy occur of the monies available were heavily invested in the restructuring of some health facilities, the building of roads to amplification access to care and the training of health workers.But despite the in creases in administration funding, the financial allocations are indeed miserable considering the ongoing needs of the growing population. For instance, the morphologic renovations performed were certainly not sufficient to manipulate quality of care delivery nor were they adequate to ensure increased use of health services. Furthermore, primary health care centers and territorial dominion hospitals, even those with trained staffs, lack adequate technology to diagnose legion(predicate) infective diseases, and they regularly run out of medical supplies and pharmaceutical drugs.External contribution to the support of health care in establishment budget has increased also, rising from 26.53% of the total health investment in 1997 to 32.10% in the year 2000, as shown in Table 1-3. However, the management of such silver is impress to the degree that in most cases health facilities do not receive the lot of the monies from foreign financial benefactors.Internal organizatio nal structures plagued with heavy bureaucratic barriers and heavy pestilential practices prevent the proper and fast expending of the external fund contributions, raising issues once again of internal dysfunctional organizational structure and inadequate governance. The lack of exact and transparent handling of funds leaves heartrending deficiencies in financial accountability and encourages sham reporting and embezzlement of health funds. In admittance, the MOPH has not been able to allocate monies equitably crosswise the territory based upon the consideration of the geographic spread and economic need of the total population. Instead of employ the donated funds for the revival of essential programs such as health prevention campaigns, immunisation campaigns, tuition campaigns, and targeting services most frequently utilise by the poor, about 60% of politics health disbursal is devoted to urban health facilities serving only about 20% of the population. much(prenomin al) preferential allocations create an issue of inequality in access and use of care. Moreover, kinsfolks are then get to assign larger portion outs of their budgets for health wasting disease. Mean sequence, the mendicancy rate has been steadily increasing nationwide. some other factor causing the low pay of PHCS is the practice of either wrongful or unwise disbursement of funds in the sense of not considering future development and advancement. Most funds earmarked for health care development are sunk into yield make ups (maintenance of major equipment, payment of salaries, replenishing of inventories, and so forth) with nothing substantial left for infrastructural developments and quality improvements in delivery care.Foreign precaution and Healthcare ExpenditureEssentially, external institutions have dictated a number of economic constraints on national budgetary decisions. Cameroon is one of those countries subscribed to the WB/IMF structural adjustment program ( che ck out) which imposed drastic cuts in the national budget for health which went from 120 billion CFAF or 3.3% of the total gross domestic product in 2002 to 58 billion CFAF or 1% of the GDP in 2005. The SAP policies required already indebted countries to (1) strip from production of domestic consumption pabulum to producing cash crops for export (2) abolish nutrition and agricultural subsidies to reduce government expenditure (3) severely cut health, education, and housing program funding and reduce salaries and (4) devaluate the currencies and privatise government-held enterprises. The reform designed to stabilize the parsimoniousness exerted adverse effects instead on the economy of borrowing countries like Cameroon.In reality, the World Bank imposed harsh measures, which exacerbated poverty, debauchd intellectual nourishment security and self-reliance and led to resource lickation, environmental destruction and population displacement. The health sector was particularly ad versely affected, and hardly a(prenominal) proactive steps were taken to foster vulnerable populations and ensure ongoing availableness of basic services.Following the expenditure cuts, especially in the national budget for public health, the following conditions occurred (1) the compound health centers broken qualified personnel and a shortage of basic health materials ensued (2) the training of health workers was interrupted, which in criminal affected the indigence level of doctors and health workers (3) there was a shortage of medical supplies, a crack-up of transportation and problems of inadequate management and (4) medical consultations and hospitalization celestial latituded despite the increases in dandy infectious diseases. More generally, the quality of care delivery in public facilities declined and studies showed that more patients sought care in snobby institutions despite their high(prenominal)(prenominal) termss. In addition to all the obstacles of an alre ady struggling PHCS, the feature effects of infectious disease epidemics of tuberculosis, malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, foster strained the public health sector beyond its limits. The failure of the public health system to provide appropriate medical care for individuals who had contracted these diseases large segments of the population led the latter to recognize more expensive mysterious medical services.Consequently, as shown in Table 2-4, the abode budget for health expenditure skyrocketed and rise from 4% in 1983/84 to 9.6% in 1995/96 resulting in a fellowship outgo on health from $14 to $20.6 per capita. The increase is mainly due to tall out-of-pocket payments charged for orphic medical services, raising the issue of inequality once again in the use of care. The WHO has estimated that the cost of a basic package of health care delivered to 90% of the population in a low-income country like Cameroon would be a $13 per capita (table 2-5). However, a further analysis of the region matrix in table 2-5 and the distribution of household per capita health expenditures by population decile (which is a partial derivative source to income group matrix) in table 2-6 reveals even more drastic inequalities in the distribution of health expenditure across income groups and between urban and farming(prenominal) regions. Thus, in 1998, the per capita household expenditure for health by the poorest 10% of the population was only $5.4 musical composition for the richest 10% it was $90.4. This translates in the utilization of private health services more effective delivery by the part of the population with higher income and the utilization of public facilitiesless(prenominal) effective delivery by the poorest portion of the population. The wide middle class volition judge medical care from public, private or traditional providers based upon their current financial style.The table 2-5 highlights the wide inequalities in the distribution of health expenditures between urban and rural areas (and to a lesser intent among rural areas). In Douala and Yaounde (the two largest towns holding about 40% of the population) the capita health expenditures were $51.9 and $46.1 respectively compared to $18.5 and $18.9 in the rural plateau and rural savanna. Such imbalances are due to the fact that households have higher incomes in urban areas, government spending is higher in urban areas and enterprises, both public and private, are concentrated in urban towns. An evaluation of the performance of the PHCS reveals, therefore, that the principal elements and characteristics of triple-crown health systems including accessibility to facilities, appropriateness of medical treatments, effectiveness in access of care, efficiency in delivery of care and equity in use of care, are all seriously scatty in the Cameroonian PHCS.Effectiveness Public Health sympathize with System PerformanceIn Cameroon, public health facilities perform bel ow expectations due to organizational, managerial and financial issues. This below intermediate performance results in reduced effectiveness of public healthcare providers, inefficiency of the PHCS and unequal access to health services by a large portion of the population who needs it the most. Budgetary cut backs have also led to a moratorium on the anatomical structure and equipping of health facilities, a stuff on the recruiting of public health employees, and a shortage of sufficient qualified personnel. In addition, the distribution of health workers across the country is inappropriate due to discrepancies in regional distribution of health facilities. In a major way, salaries have been slashed with the attendant consequences of the lack of motivation and glare performance (low morale) among health personnel. As a result overall, the main quality indicators have deteriorated in the light of WHO standards. The per capita ratio of physicians, nurses, hospital beds, health ce nters and pharmacies shown in Table 1-1 indicate major discrepancies in the distribution of health resources across the territory. Human resource planning is to be revised and working conditions are to be ameliorated in order to attract more care providers in the public sector, increase productivity and effectiveness of the PHCS. Not only is there a shortage of human resource personnel, but there are also supply management deficits. Inventories are not kept accurately, so doctors and nurses can back up themselves to medications directly on shelves, and supply depends on availability of resources rather than based on any direct assessment. This means that inventories and supplies are replenished whenever funds permit. Moreover, supplies are not equally distributed among health facilities. Urban health facilities tend to receive more storage and resources than rural or remote health facilities, but medication and medical materials are in more grave contain in these latter areas. I n some rural facilities, syringes and surgical material such as gloves and bedding are re-used. near facilities even lack beds for patient and the science toteatory material to perform blood or other tests. Thus, equipment that are needed for the care of ill patients are regularly in excessive quantities compared to other areas, and are lacking in other areas or where there are none at all. all these factors engendered by internal and external misdirection at both the financial and the organizational levels affect the rate of use of public health services, and, ultimately undermine and contradict the efficiency and the effectiveness of the PHCS.Efficiency purpose of Public Health FacilitiesSeveral constraints have arisen during the last decade, which led to a significant decrease in the utilization of the public health care system. The government hang up recruiting and training of health care personnel because of lack of funding. Table 2-1 shows that there are fewer than 20,0 00 health care workers for a population of almost 17,000, 000 people. The prevailing (accepted) decomposition in public health facilities is manifested through the observation of health personnel whirl health care services which are normally free in throw for financial favors. In Cameroon, though umteen medical services such as vaccination and delivery of essential drugs, are supposed to be free of charge, more often than not, personnel charge patients with nominal fees for these services. Moreover, the culture of clientelism is deeply rooted in the PHCS.Notably, medical services afforded to patients are prioritized not based on the severity of patients illnesses, but rather on the level of reverberance between the health staff and the patients or the amount of money the patients have at their disposal to be used to bribe the health staff. Health managers and health providers in the concerned facilities do not regularly investigate or follow up patients complaints simply because they belong to the same professional pool as those personnel who exploit the patients and accept bribes for routine medical care. Moreover, the lack of incentives from the MOPH to reinforce the delivery of free services and the fact that MOPH authorities are trusty for nominating those health managers, all factors which serve to undermine the effectiveness of any civil deed against the malpractices observed in public health facilities. In essence, as an intern in the Hospital La Quintinie in Douala in 2000, this researcher witnessed instances when patients bribed health personnel to receive health services they had already nonrecreational for at the cash register. This researcher also saw bodies being dumped in the social movement yard of the hospital and remaining there for hours before being dispatched to the morgue. In other instance, this researcher was informed of an individual who had sued a physician for negligence.The doctor had received a telephone call late at night relating to the difficult delivery of one of his patients however, the doctor had asked the nurse to deal with the issue and turned off his cell phone, which resulted in the death of the patient. However, the case was dismissed and the physician, who did not even receive a temporary suspension or a reprimand, is restrained working at that facility. Also, seriously ill patients are still left unheeded in waiting areas for extended hours. This government agency fosters long lines and extensive waiting clock, raw discouraging many patients from seeking medical care in public health facilities.The efficiency of the public health system can be judged by the utilization of the services by the people for whom they are intended. consort to the North West province tempers, during 1989 and 1995, there were 173,450 consultations in spectral missions facilities versus 129,569 at government health centers in the northwesterlyward region. In other words, there is a two fold increase i n the utilization of non network facilities. That data demo to the low utilization of public health care services and implies that the quality of health services delivered is inferior in the public sector and, therefore, less sought. The evidence from the northwest province suggests a steady decline in health care formulation by public facilities.The share of the government in both health centers and hospital consultations fell from 72.9% in 1989 to 50.1% in 1995 temporary hookup the share of mission consultations increased from 25.5% to 47% and the private sectors from 1.6% to 2.9%. The bed occupancy rate in hospitals fell from 45% in 1985 to 23% in 1996. Therefore, it becomes apparent that many patients clearly demonstrated preference for health services offered by nonprofit organizations and for profit establishments instead of those offered in the public sector. Such utilization factors underscore the failure of the PHCS in providing efficient health services. In fact, the po or, for whom public services are primarily intended, chance overall financial losses when using public health facilities. First, they must travel long distances to receive uncertain and spotty medical attention. Second, added to the time wasted on the road to reach health centers, they have to wait long hours to receive inadequate and inappropriate care or no care at all. The opportunity cost in terms of income loss and hours of labor is high compared to the quality of life improvement they might have gained. This prevents many low-income patients from utilizing public health facilities unless their diseases are in a well-advanced state and require immediate attention. According to the 1995 household- hatful, 14.8% of health providers were traditional healers, 43.8% of consultations took place in public facilities, and 56.2% took place in private facilities though 50% more expensive. There is a clear decrease in the utilization of public health facilities over private health clini cs. The decaying public health care buildings, major components of the health care infrastructure, and the lack of competent health workers very send negative messages to patients who, therefore, prefer to obtain appropriate care at higher costs at private institutions for those who can afford it. Table 2-7 further illustrates the low level of government health spending relative to private spending and household spending. There is a grave degeneration of medical ethics in several public health facilities. Often, under qualified health workers perform specialized services they have not been trained for. In some hospitals, nurses are performing surgeries, delivering anesthesia and prescribing medicines. In other health facilities, the record of services provided is inaccurate and patients files are non-existent. The overall number of health care personnel in public health care facilities has decreased against a background of a growing population, resulting in a orifice between the health services demand and the supply in the whole territory and an underutilization of public medical services. Underutilization promotes wastage in health care resources and inefficiency (low utilization) while favoring the development of congestion in other health units, which in itself prevents proper and adequate delivery of healthcare to patients. Moreover, the vast regional imbalances between the distribution of health care facilities and health care workers exacerbate the problem of underutilization of public health care facilities.Equity Health Disparities across the NationThere are significant differences in the state of health and the access to care between the poor and low-income households and the non-poor, as well as between urban and rural inhabitants. Most people turn to testicle health services in cases of illness. Among those who have declared themselves ill in 2001, 3/4 was able to seek consultation at a semi-formal health centers, versus 1/4 in internal faci lities. Formal health centers are more frequently visited by the non-poor and open facilities by the poor. It appears that non-poor seek medical help more often than the poor maybe due to superior financial capacity. other indicator of discrepancy between poor, non-poor, rural and urban residents is the vaccination rate. Thus, the immunization rate for non-poor children is bump than that for poor children and children are better protected in cities than in rural areas. Table 2-5 reports inequality in the rate of consultation in formal and informal facilities between poor and non-poor in rural and urban areas. From that table, it appears that both income groups allocate corresponding budgets for health expenditure.However, the comely health expenditure among the rural and poor residents is lead generation less than that of non-poor and urban dwellers. Thus, lower spending for health care services is reflected in the lower consultation rate of non-poor which is indicatory of t heir health status. Thus, the infant (12 to 23 months) immunization rate for poor in rural areas was 66.9% and 53.1% for poor in urban areas while it was 89.5 for non-poor in rural areas and 70.2% for non-poor in urban areas. Finally, the non-poor have to travel slightly lower distances to receive medical care than the poor which in turn increases their access to health services. According to regional health typify data, 54% of people live less than five kilometers from an integrated health center.This middling figure, however, conceals wide regional disparities, ranging from 43% of people living less than five kilometers from an integrated health center in the province of Adamaoua to 78% of people living less than five kilometers from an integrated health center in the Littoral province. Moreover, the household survey statement notes that rural people must travel five times far than urban dwellers to reach the nearest health facility. Even more striking, 98.9% of the people who must travel 6 km to a health facility live in the countryside, indicating the serious problem of rural access to appropriate health care services. Table 2-5 shows the division of health spending in urban areas (Douala, Yaounde, and other towns) and in rural areas. From this table, it is obvious that urban dwellers spend more on health care than rural dwellers mainly due to higher income since households in cities spend on average $34 on health care versus $16.7 on average on health care, which is about half of what urban dwellers spend on healthcare. Though government spending seems to be significantly higher in proportion to direct foreign aid and religious mission share of health spending, it must be emphasized that an increasing share of MOPH budget is financed through foreign financial donations (Table 1-3). Table 2-8 is a perfect fable of the lack of equity in the distribution of health services (whether in formal or informal facilities) among the different population groups in Cameroon. From Table 2-8, it appears that annual average health spending per capita is three times higher in urban than in rural areas (39,00 CFAF vs. 13, 000 CFAF) and four times higher among the non-poor than it is among the poor (32,000 CFAF Vs 6,900 CFAF). Yet the cost of health services rose nearly three times as fast as the average inflation rate over the last five years by some 70% (13,000 CFAF to 22,00 CFAF), which led to a considerable decrease in the demand for health services, especially for the poor whose utilization of health services declined.ReferencesAdamolekun, L. (Ed.). (1999). Public face in Africa Main Issues and Selected Country Studies. Boulder, CO Westview Press. McKinney, J. B., & Howard, L. C. (1998). Public Administration Balancing spring and Accountability (2nd ed.). Westport, CT Praeger Publishers. Vine, V. T. (1971). The Cameroon Federal Republic. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press.